chinaknowledge

[SB Wang]

陈石林：假如照片上牙是黑的，我认为这是不真实的，要从本质上看，主席的牙本身是白的，把黑牙齿修掉才是真 实的效果。

[SB Wang]

SHI Hai: Mao Zedong as the secret standards are processed each photo

Chen Shilin: If the picture is black teeth, I think this is untrue, from the essence, the President of the tooth itself is white, black teeth out repair is the real effect.

Chen Shilin has created the myth of the red image. Rely on darkroom techniques, processing to create Mao Zedong in different stages of the standards as age, their successors, never aging, even into old age Mao Zedong, how the screen repair, "not the President"

Luo Xue Hui

Chen Shilin, senior engineer of China Institute of photographers, photography, a former head of the Department of Technology, head of the renovation, the head of the national leaders of photo work. In addition to the standard like Mao Zedong, Chen Shilin then processed photographs of the leaders of all countries, including Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, and Lin Biao.

Chen Shilin to 10-year-old father was sent to Nanjing photo studio learned, and later to Hong Kong and Taiwan to make a living, studying and processing photos. July 1950, Chen Shilin returned to the mainland, at that time very few people will be processed photos, and can repair the light of the level, density and three-dimensional sense, Chen Shilin was as a talent left, into the Central News photography, and later Also into the Department of the Xinhua News Agency photographer, and enjoy and the old revolutionary Yan'an to the same high-level treatment, Xiaozao can eat, sleep sofa bed.

Just have to catch up with production standards as Mao Zedong, Chen Shilin put the use of technology.




Mao Zedong's old age as the standard

"Politics is the first"

Several people asked Chen Shilin, why the picture of Chairman Mao's teeth are so white it

[SB Wang]

Chen Shilin's office was closed area, most people can not enter lightly, but not editing the photos are absolutely can not leak, used the photograph to all thrown into a big stove, where the spot was damaged. Photos result is good or bad, we do not speak a word. Because the accused photo, was also accused leaders such as the shortage is to Taibu Jing.

In the 1960s, Chen Shilin reached the pinnacle of his career, he has even met with a darkroom, what major events in Tiananmen Square, the reporter just as Paiwan, the film immediately sent here by Chen Shilin to the fastest The processing speed of dressing. In addition to photos to repair more like Chairman Mao, on the screen easily lead to ambiguous elements, such as people waved the arm blocked Chairman Mao's face, but also doomed to be deleted.

In 1976, Mao Zedong's death. As the first representative of the masses, he entered the Great Hall of the late Chairman Mao visited the Office of the North, pinning grief. Ban Beizai processing the photos of Chairman Mao, this is his first close-up to see Chairman Mao, Hua Lezhuang Mao Zedong's body, his face coated red, looks like the living. Chen Shilin has a heart, the outline of Chairman Mao or a really good, but not the same and the pictures.

Who Moved Chairman Mao's collar

[SB Wang]

受党内斗争影响数遭劫难的油画《开国大典》

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/sheji/sj-dxw.html

高继民
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　　1951年初，中宣部、文化部开始筹备建党30周年绘画展览。作为参展地，收藏革命历史题材精品的中国 革命博物馆迅速组织全国几十位知名画家，进行突击创作。绘画界各路诸侯八仙过海显神通，短短几个月便拿出了 近百件革命历史题材的绘画作品。不少作品如《地道战》、《毛主席延安整风》、《强夺泸定桥》等精品被中国革 命博物馆收藏。美中不足的是反映中华人民共和国成立的经典时刻

[SB Wang]

Translation: Chinese

[SB Wang]

At that time, Dong Xiwen the auspices of the Central Academy of Fine Arts three studio work, teaching task. In order to avoid interference, he rented a specialized residential areas into creative ecstasy. He rented on a "workshop", the student Dong Xiwen, oil paintings famous female family Pangtao is described: "It was a long narrow strip of buildings, the ground floor is a grocery sales of soy sauce pavement. It is a long and narrow room Hard to imagine, in the face of more than 2 meters wide and 4 meters long canvas, back into the deep, only about 2 meters, close to the back wall, depending on the domain can not picture a panoramic view, we are very surprised, Mr TUNG How in such a bad environment to complete this piece of the big picture. "To save time, he is often in the studio chair for the night. Since the room is too small, then painting on the roof, put under floors, painting, for a while to climb the roof, while lying on the ground, not during the day and night not to work with. Dong Dong Xiwen the daughter of a sand later recalled: "" founding ceremony of "hands-on, day and night to the father is often painted. At that time, he Choude a lot of smoke, did not work half a day, on an ashtray full. In his paintings have Rushen, he shouted to eat, but not all the way, the family knows that this time must not disturb him, had no choice but to close up first meal. "Dong Xiwen is Feiqinwangsi. Kung Fu people live less than three months, a 4 meters long, 2.3 meters wide of the giant oil painting of "founding ceremony" will be completed creation.

Mao Zedong praised the "great powers" style "founding ceremony" swept the country

Prior to the introduction of in-house preview of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, oil painting, "founding ceremony" for its bold and ambitious novel idea of imposing a sensational game.

Dong Xiwen the "founding ceremony of" creative breakthrough in the realization of two: one is to Mao Zedong and other central leaders and the people cheered the scene in a scene. Mao Zedong Jianlang burly figure in the picture, the whole of China embodies the leadership core of the core; Mao Zedong and other leaders before and after the red flag in the breeze under the shade of the people cheering the scene, the right to highlight the celebration of the founding ceremony. And the other is the normal law of Mao Zedong in front of the red side should have a post, but had been deprived of the draft in the square more open. This fully embodies the spirit and a great demeanor, so that the founding ceremony of the event all-too-apparent. In addition, the figures also portray reached into the subtle, perfect position. Republic of the leaders of the Tiananmen rostrum in the open to show the world the Chinese people have stood up scene: Mao Zedong stood before the microphone, calm and dignified, behind him, a look of joyful Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi face up to the front of Zhou Enlai heroic chic , The kindness of the Soong Ching Ling, Li Jishen satisfaction of Guo Yi Xi ask this, Zhang Lan Luotuo the generous, Gao Gang's cautious serious, not only oil paintings leaders of the external dynamic instrument depicted well that the intrinsic character and will of temperament And also fully embodies the spirit of it.

Pang Tao described in the first year to see the painting the feeling, he said: "It is exciting to give people a fresh experience. Huawan most of it is, free and easy flow, at one go." Traditional Chinese painting master Xu said: "Dong Xiwen successfully completed the task, deserve 100 points." Sicheng such well-known architects: "The right of the screen are not drawing up a post ... ... This architecture is a big mistake, but it is the art of painting A big success. "Industry that all this is a rare quality of the painting.

In May 1953, Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and other party and state leaders to examine a number of revolutionary works of art historical themes, the "founding ceremony" was among them. "Founding ceremony" in the ownership of the painting attitude? Review the day with Deputy Minister of Culture Zhou Yang Dong Xiwen the same, Chancellor creativity in order to the situation and be prepared to answer questions. Dong Xiwen feel very excited, but also some uneasy. When Mao Zedong attentively to enjoy the "founding ceremony," Zhou Yang introduced him to Mao Zedong. Among the many works of art, Mao Zedong's "founding ceremony," a soft spot. He appreciated the one hand, on the side can not help but exclaim: "It is a big country, China is!" He added: "We go international to get the painting, other than we can because we have a unique Minzuxingshi!" This is no doubt Dong Xiwen Is a great reward and encouragement.

September 27, 1953, in a front-page People's Daily published an important position in the oil painting "founding ceremony." In the same year, People's Fine Arts Publishing House immediately it printed pictures and a variety of art to issue a large number of pictures, print run of 100 million, and revenue at the time of primary and secondary school textbooks. "Founding ceremony" as the "Republic of the arts to witness the establishment of the" popular nationwide.

[SB Wang]

Inner-party struggle by the "founding ceremony" was a number of catastrophe

"Founding ceremony" in the front row all the leaders of the Central People's Government Vice-Chairman, from left to right as Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, the Soong Ching Ling, Li Jishen, Zhang Lan, Gao Gang. After the founding of the PRC, the soul-stirring struggle within the party, the central high-level political figures suffer the fate of the ups and downs "founding ceremony" to have been a few disasters.

"Founding ceremony" only after the completion of three years, there have been "high-Rao incident." Gao Gang Central in 1953 after working with the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, Minister Rao Shushi alliance to take on the ground floor lobby, a conspiracy of the series the way to Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai to launch an attack, anxious to replace it in a vain attempt to split the Party Central Committee headed by Mao Zedong. In December of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau held a meeting to begin to expose them. In February 1954 in the Seventh CPC plenary session of the Fourth and further expose and criticize their conspiracy by "strengthening the Party's unity on the resolution." But after the meeting still sticks to its mistake and the position of Gao Gang in an attempt to commit suicide in order to fight for his help. August 17, 1954 suicide Gao Gang. In March 1955 to convene a national congress of the CPC Central Committee, will be expelled from the party and to withdraw all his posts inside and outside the party of its. Museum of the Chinese Revolution Dong Xiwen request to amend the "founding ceremony", the screen will erase the image of Gao Gang. Despite the Xinyoubugan, but in the great political pressure, against Dong Xiwen was to be at the forefront of the edge off of Gao Gang. Dong Xiwen changes also quipped to find a "higher level", he said: pictures from the point of view, the location of Gao Gang was a bit cramped, or deleted.

"Great Cultural Revolution" started, Liu Shaoqi became the largest party of "taking the capitalist road of power" and being down. Overnight, Liu Shaoqi as a standard from the Chinese public and the family disappeared. Museum of the Chinese Revolution Dong Xiwen notice in the screen to remove Liu Shaoqi. At this point, the new Republic have gone through the 1957 anti-rightist struggle against Peng in 1959 and "anti-party clique" of the struggle, the political atmosphere is very tense. I also went through Dong Xiwen be labeled "right wing" and placed on probation for two years, the devolution of re-education through labor cadre school of suffering. "Cultural Revolution", he was labeled as "reactionary academic authority", in Beijing, steel mills to accept re-education through labor, as a result of fatigue, gastric ulcer perforation, the capital, hospital eight hours before reviving them. Gastrectomy done in three-quarters of less than six months after major surgery, has returned to the prison farm, a few months after being diagnosed with advanced cancer. As a result, Liu Shaoqi removed from the screen, he has been "fully mentally prepared," but the more difficult to modify, and delete Gao Gang, Liu Shaoqi in the middle as a result, after removing the vacancy must be " "To fill, but also affects the next. Dong Xiwen ill person ordered to the museum to be modified, Liu Shaoqi in the position to draw the Dong.

In 1972, when the central group in memory of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution "in the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art's speech" made to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the organization and Art Exhibition, oil painting, "founding ceremony" as a key outcome of the show. Have been looted twice in the "founding ceremony" doomed, it was proposed to delete pictures of Lin Boqu. Lin Boqu is the famous "five-Soviet old" one of the former President of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government. In October 1, 1949 the Central People's Government Committee held its first meeting, Lin Boqu was elected secretary general of the Central People's Government, People's Republic of China founding ceremony of the host, was elected as vice chairman of the NPC Standing Committee. Remove the reason for this is that in Yan'an, Mao Zedong and Lin Boqu was against the marriage Jiang Qing. Of Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong and want to get married, the overwhelming majority of leaders critical of, the then President of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government is strongly opposed to Lin Boqu. Later, we see no avail, the next best thing would be, by the marriage of the expertise of the CPC Central Committee Jiang Qing staged a "pledge": First, Mao Zedong and He Zizhen the relationship between husband and wife are still not lifted, not to Ms. Mao Zedong and Jiang Qing Itself; second, Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong responsible for the care of the living and health in the future who do not have the power to the Central Committee made a similar request; Third, Jiang Qing, Mao's only private life and affairs of the party in 20 years as a ban on any job And shall not intervene in the party say in personnel and participation in political life. Lin Boqu "pledge" to actively advocate, Jiang Qing this to heart. Despite the death of Lin Boqu was in 1960, Jiang Qing Lin Boqu still will be driven out of the "founding ceremony" soon after. They Dong Xiwen transferred back to Beijing from the cadre school, asking him to re-Lin Boqu deleted. Dong Xiwen at a time when the cancer has advanced, too, in January 8, 1973 death. As a result, they found the Academy of Fine Arts, another artist to amend. The artist is the original can not bear to spoil again, "afraid of the revised detrimental to the overall original style" on the ground, refused to delete the original on. Disobedience, but can not, then re-Lin Boqu not have a copy of the "founding ceremony." The original "founding ceremony" is the third escaped, "robbed."

In 1978 after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Party, in the spirit of seeking truth from facts, the true history of the principle of the Chinese Revolution Museum decided to "founding ceremony" to restore the original appearance. Dong Xiwen, but family members did not agree on changes to the original, they will in the "founding ceremony" on copies of the paintings fill the Gao Gang and Liu Shaoqi. At this point, "founding ceremony" was finally restored.

In January 1992, China organized art gallery "of the twentieth century, the Chinese" art exhibition, on display again Dong Xiwen the "founding ceremony." There are on the edge of the original appearance of the original photo, along with a short text: "" founding ceremony "in the original completion in 1953, due to historical reasons, the writer in his lifetime of the individual characters had two changes with the 1968 exhibition In the revised original author, the real scene in the front row with the founding ceremony of the characters appear slightly different. 'Cultural Revolution' after the painting by Mr. Dong Xiwen students according to the original copy, and the collection on display at the Museum of Chinese History. Like that. "
Chinese

[SB Wang]

http://www.textile-art.com/dun1.html
http://idp.bl.uk/

Dong Xiwen
The oil painter Dong Xiwen (1914-1973) was a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang,[178] who came from an educated and moderately prosperous household. His father, an enthusiast of Chinese antiquities, often took his son with him to view works of art. Dong Xiwen studied for a year at the private Suzhou Art Academy after completing high school. In 1934, at the age of twenty, he transferred to the National Hangzhou Arts Academy. By the time he graduated, the Japanese had invaded China's coast and the academy had set up temporary facilities in the western city of Kunming. After graduation he spent six months at the Hanoi Art Academy, on a government scholarship, absorbing French colonial culture. Upon his return, which was prompted by insufficient funds, he supported himself through various editing and writing jobs in Guizhou and Chongqing. Dong was fascinated with an exhibition of hand-painted copies of ancient murals he had seen in Chongqing. In 1943, he and his wife joined four other pairs of artists from the Hangzhou academy in an expedition to Dunhuang, the Buddhist cave temple site in remote Gansu province. The Dunhuang caves are famous for well-preserved murals painted between the fourth and thirteenth centuries. The young artists devoted the next two and a half years to studying and copying the ancient religious murals. Dong became interested in the aesthetic possibilities for modern artists that the ancient murals suggested, and particularly in the decorative and self-expressive potential of the elongated Northern Wei figure styles (fig. 33).


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Chinese figure painting is generally considered to have reached its height of naturalism during the Tang and Song periods. Instead of such models, however, Dong chose more ancient forms that might be described as primitive. His compositions of the late 1940s are characterized by a decorative and gentle abstraction of the human figure; his colors tended toward lyrical pastels. His Kazak Herdswoman of 1948 (fig. 34), with its limited palette of pale colors, simplification of human forms, and stylized draperies, adapts ancient Chinese conventions to modern expressive purposes.

There is a striking parallel between Picasso's study of African sculpture, which inspired his abstractions of the female form, and Dong's enthusiasm for prenaturalistic Chinese art, from which emerged his new style. Cross-cultural influence has been a significant component of modern art in the West. The unnaturalistic aspects of non-European art, be it African sculpture or Japanese prints, appealed to European artists seeking freedom from the Renaissance pictorial conventions on which European academic art was based. As a graduate of the Hangzhou academy, with its many French instructors, Dong was undoubtedly familiar with the aesthetic foundations of modern European art, even if not up-to-date on its latest developments.[179] Dong managed to find the artistic stimulation of unfamiliar aesthetic standards within the enormous geographical and temporal span of Chinese art.[180]

Dong Xiwen was one of the young instructors recruited to the National Beiping Arts College by Xu Beihong after the war. Once his conceptual breakthrough occurred during his trip to Dunhuang, his primary aesthetic goals became the creation of a distinctly Chinese style of oil painting. Theoretically, his art made a symmetrical pair with Xu Beihong's late work: Xu painted Westernizing styles with Chinese tools; Dong tried to Sinicize oil painting. Both sought a synthesis of Eastern and Western art.

Many students who entered the academy at which Dong Xiwen taught in 1948 expected to complete a five-year curriculum. The two-year fundamental course exposed students to all media but concentrated most heavily on drawing;[181] only after completion of this basic curriculum was the student allowed to select a major. Xu Beihong participated in some of the beginning classes, for he attached great importance to drawing skills as an indicator of artistic potential. Thus, even students intending to concentrate on traditional painting were still subjected to the Western-style academic drawing requirement. Dong Xiwen was responsible for a significant part of the fundamental drawing curriculum. He, like the best-trained of his fellow academic artists, went on to become an important member of the post-1949 teaching staff at CAFA.

In late 1948, Dong began making art in support of the Communist cause. Hou Yimin, in his role as underground CCP organizer at the Beiping college, had solicited pro-Communist poster designs from sympathetic faculty before


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Image not available

Figure 33

Cave 249, Mogao Caves, Dunhuang,
Gansu, Western Wei period, polychromatic
mural (detail).

the city's liberation. Dong, along with Li Hua and others, participated in making such flyers. He also prepared portraits of Mao Zedong and Zhu De for the auditorium where the first National Congress of Literary and Arts Workers was held. He witnessed Mao's proclamation of the new People's Republic of China and, on December 8, 1949, joined the Communist party.

On the occasion of the First National Art Exhibition, Dong Xiwen demonstrated both his technical virtuosity and his interest in brightly colored folk art. His Liberation of Beijing (fig. 13), one of the liveliest of the works exhibited, makes use of broad, flat areas of bright color to strengthen and simplify a complex crowd scene. Tanks, military trucks, and cannons pass under Beijing's city gates, welcomed by the banner-waving populace. In the distance, construction cranes tower over the ancient architecture, suggesting the dawning of a new era.

The stark contrasts of flat colors, the black outlines, and the anecdotal quality of the picture evoke, no doubt intentionally, folk prints. As we have seen, such sources were avidly studied by Communist artists, who rejected upper-class art forms for political reasons. Dong's interest in the Dunhuang


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Image not available

Figure 34
Dong Xiwen, Kazak Herdswoman, 1948,
oil on canvas, 163 cm